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    TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD
    January 17, 1882 - Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

    A telephone switchboard was issued a U.S. patent to Leroy Firman of Chicago, Illinois (No. 252,576), which was assigned to the Western Electric Manufacturing Co. Also of Chicago. With his invention of a “multiple switchboard for telephone exchanges,” Firman addressed the problem of increasing numbers of subscribers. Previously, single switchboards, each with an attendant, served their group of individual lines. A large exchange was thus divided up into a number of internal exchange switchboards which were worked together as necessary, with trunk lines between the boards. Firman devised an arrangement to handle an exchange of a thousand or more subscribers with line status information exchanged between switchmen.

    PUNCHBOARDS
    January 17, 1905 - Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

    The first U.S. patent was issued for a punchboard to Charles A. Brewer and Clinton G. Scannell of Chicago, Illinois, described as “vending devices.” They were manufactured by Charles A. Brewer & Sons in the same city. (No. 780,086). Even though the equivalent of punchboards had been around for many years, they had never been available in such a neat and portable form. The invention of board stuffing machines and ticket folding and plaiting machines in the late 1910s was probably the key factor which allowed the punchboard industry to flourish. Once the boards became cheap to manufacture, they flooded the country. Noted gambling author John Scarne estimates that 30 million punchboards were sold in 1910-15.

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Online Drugstores: Upside And Downside :

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ARTICLE INFORMATION :

The article features online pharmacies as the most popular way of buying drugs in the USA and discusses the possible pitfalls that can arise out of obtaining drugs from some online pharmacies.

ARTICLE CONTENT :

Many people have already switched to online pharmacies and consider them a far more convenient way to purchase medicines. There are two primary reasons why people choose to purchase prescription medicines online. The first is financial. Because of the economic policy of the U.S. Health care, consumers frequently have to pay a much higher price for medications than customers overseas. The other reason is privacy. Some people prefer to purchase their prescription drugs from online pharmacies, even at a higher price, than to talk to a physician personally about medical conditions, such as depression, loss of hair, or erectile dysfunction.

Sales of antidepressant medicines, Viagra, Propecia, and diet pills, such as Phentermine or Xenical, are a flourishing business today. For years, consumers near Canada have driven across the border to buy medicines at an affordable price from Canadian pharmacies. These days, customers nationwide can buy from a Canadian pharmacy by mail. Canadian pharmacies typically require an identification document and a valid prescription. Unless issued by a doctor who is besides accredited to practice medicine in Canada, U.S. Prescription drugs will be reissued by a Canadian doctor.

As Internet pharmacies gain a larger share of the prescription medication market, consumers must be aware of the possible problems associated with purchasing an online prescription for a drug, or buying a medication online. These issues get even more significant when ordering from overseas pharmacies. It is usually possible to obtain savings by buying prescription medications online, even from a major U.S. Pharmacy, when you have a prescription issued to you personally.

It is commonly not cheaper to purchase medications through an online prescription service, which usually marks up the price substantially even when nominally offering a prescription for free. That mark-up may be compared to the cost of an in-person medical examination, and may considerably exceed that cost when you need a refill. Also, as mentioned above, price cannot always be the leading factor. If you don't know for certain whether you will be shipped the actual drug which was prescribed for you, think twice before ordering.

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