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    IRON RAILWAY BRIDGE COLLAPSE
    July 31, 1849 - Pennsylvania, USA

    Near Mast Hope, Pennsylvania, collapsed as a stock train was crossing. The engineer heard a loud cracking, pulled the throttle wide open, and succeeded in getting the engine across in safety. However, the rest of the train fell into the deep ravine of the Westcolang Creek along with the wrecked bridge. A brakeman and two stockmen lost their lives. The New York and Erie Railroad had that year experimented by building three iron bridges, including the one that failed. In 1850, an article in the Scientific American magazine reported that the company, having lost confidence in iron bridges, would tear down the two remaining and replace them with wooden structures.

    FIRST U.S. PATENT
    July 31, 1790 - USA

    Patent was granted to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a process for making potash and pearl ashes. Potash was important as an ingredient in soap and fertilizer. The patent was granted for a term of 14 years and signed by President George Washington, who had the previous month signed the first U.S. patent statute into law on 10 April 1790. Hopkins did not get Patent with a serial No.1 as thousands of patents were issued before the Patent Office began to number them. Congress had passed the Patent Act on 10 Apr 1790. Two other patents were granted that year - one for a new candle-making process and the other the flour-milling machinery of Oliver Evans. The next year, 1791, Samuel Hopkins also was granted the first Canadian patent.

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Lighting Fixtures :

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Is it time to remodel or buy a new house? Do you need ceiling fixtures for your rooms? Will you need to have different light fixtures for each room? Also decide which of these bulbs best fits your needs.

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When you first buy a house, remodel, or redecorate your house, this will be a good time to change your lighting fixtures. When redoing a room, it may take a few fixtures to bring out the room to the way it should be. Each room has a purpose and your lighting should correspond with that purpose.

You can really bring out a room with a light fixture that is bold and striking. Ceiling fixtures come in all types of designs and can drastically change the feeling of your room. Lamps can be added to add contrast the ceiling lighting. If you do a lot of reading then you will need a high intensity reading lamp.

The best types of reading lamps are those that are full spectrum lamps. These are specialty lamps and produce white light similar to the sun. Unlike regular incandescent bulbs, they create white light by emitting light frequencies like the sun does. This type of white light is good for reading and easy on the eyes.

When looking for a ceiling lamp fixture, look for functionality. If the fixture has too many design features, it can block the light and provide very little general lighting to your room.

If you room is to have computers, then a ceiling lighting fixture with indirect lighting will be best to avoid computer monitor glare. If possible try to avoid using florescent lamps in your living area since they emit light in 60 cycles which fatigue your brain and body.

The ceiling lighting is not only for the kitchen but for the other rooms like the bedroom, stairway, hallways, and recreation room.

The type of bulb you can put into a lighting fixture is only limited to the type of bulbs that are available in the market. Each bulb has a function and a specific frequency and power output in watt. When using a halogen bulb, use a fixture that will enclose this lamp in case it explodes. Full spectrum light bulbs are also available and I favor these because they mimic natural light more than any other type of bulb.

Saving energy light bulbs are nice in concept, but don?t away put out the light intensity that you need in the room. If you have multiple fixtures and you can put these energy saving bulbs. Then again depending on the room's purpose, this will determine the wattage of bulbs you use.

When looking at ceiling fixtures, consider the efficiency of the fixture. Some fixtures are beautiful to look at, but absorb the light that should go to the room. Make sure that the lamp is easy to clean otherwise you will be wishing you had bought another type of lamp. Also look to install a rheostat to control the light. This manual light control will give your bulb long life and you can adjust the intensity of the bulb to give more or less light.

Using these tips will help you setup your lighting fixture so that you don't have to replace it later. Just make sure that you use the fixtures that will complement the purpose of your room.

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  • November 30, 2014Date Added :
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