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    DRY-CELL PATENT
    November 15, 1887 - U.S.A.

    German scientist, Dr. Carl Gassner, was issued a U.S. patent (No. 373,064), the first in the U.S. for a "dry" cell. Gassner had already patented his invention in Germany (No. 37,758) on 8 Apr 1886, and also in Austria, Belgium, England, France and Hungary in the same year. The sealed zinc shell which contained all the chemicals was also the negative electrode. Later, he improved the shelf life of the battery by adding zinc chloride to the electrolyte to reduce corrosion of the zinc shell. Gassner's battery was much like the carbon-zinc, general-purpose batteries sold today. By 1896, the National Carbide Company (later Union Carbide and Eveready) produced the first consumer dry cell battery. Two years later, the company made the first D cell.

    ALKALINE DRY-CELL PATENT
    November 15, 1960 - U.S.A.

    A U.S. patent was issued for an alkaline dry-cell to P.A. Marsal, Karl Kordesch and Lewis F. Urry who assigned it to the Union Carbide Corporation, the manufacturer of Eveready batteries (No. 2,960,558). Compared to the existing carbon-zinc dry-cells, it offered an appreciable increase in life-span and efficiency during heavy continuous drains. Its construction used an alkaline electrolyte, manganese dioxide as depolarizer, a zinc powder-gel anode, and certain additives such including mercury and electrolyte-creep inhibitors. The patent gave practical details for commercial production. The patent claimed that whereas four cells in series of the carbon-zinc type gave 4.5 volts to power a 1.25-amp bulb for 45-min to 1-hr, the new alkaline design gave good brilliance after 6 to 7 hours.

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Are you shopping for the best Canada Mortgage product? Discover the requirements for a Canada loan. One thing to consider is your credit history. If your credit score is low, you can work to improve it.

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Before you can be approved for a Canada Mortgage, the mortgage company considers four elements. They make a careful analysis and evaluation of your income, credit history, the property being purchased, and the down payment on the property. This will help the Canadian lender decide if he will make you a loan.

Having a stable income is very crucial. This is the first thing that the lending institutions require. It does not matter if you are running your own business or are employed, as long as you can present the requirements such as Notice of Assessment Forms issued by the Canada Revenue Agency. If you are employed, you will also present a certificate of employment and the latest two months of pay slips.

The purpose of the Notice of Assessment Forms is to authenticate your claim of regular income and tax payments. Besides the documents, the lending institutions will also have an authorized person to call your office and confirm your employment.

Lenders will also look into your capacity to make your monthly payments in case you are granted with mortgage loan. The factors that lending institutions take into account are how many people in your family, how long you have had work, monthly bills and other payments you need to make.

Generally, mortgage lenders use a formula to determine how much of a mortgage you can be approved for. Two elements come into play for you to qualify for a Canada Mortgage, namely, the Gross Debt Service Ratio. GDS, and the Total Debt Service Ratio, TDS.

The GDS is the highest percentage of your gross income allocated as payment for the costs of maintaining the house. To this ratio belong the principal and interest mortgage payment, property taxes, heating and condo or apartment fees. It is important that your monthly expenses do not exceed 32% of your total monthly income.

TDS on the other hand is the highest percentage of your gross income that is used to pay the GDS and all other financial debts. To this ratio belong all other loans, credit cards payment, and everything from the GDS. To qualify for Canada Mortgage, it is important that your TDS does not exceed 40% of your total gross monthly income.

The mortgage lenders also review your credit score. In fact, whenever the subject is about loans and finances, the credit history is an essential consideration. If you are not sure of your credit standing, there are websites that offer free services to calculate it. If your credit score is imperfect, you can use the programs created for re-building your credit history.

The real estate property to be mortgaged is a critical matter. Mortgage lenders are concerned with the physical appearance and quality of the property. Generally, they conduct a thorough inspection of it.

The real estate property to be mortgaged is the only collateral that lenders have from the mortgage loan, and from you. Hence, a property appraisal is necessary to ensure that the house and lot, condominium or townhouse will still be fit for re-sale in case you default.

Generally, the down payments are not a constant requirement since there are mortgage program that can cover 100% financing. However, if you have 20% or more of the purchasing price, the Canada Mortgage lender will not require default insurance.

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