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TODAY IN HISTORY

    THE FIRST IRON LUNG
    July 29, 1927 - United States

    (Electric Respirator) was installed at Bellevue hospital in New York for the post war polio epidemic. The first iron lung was developed at Harvard University by Phillip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw built with two vacuum cleaners. The iron lung is a negative pressure machine which surrounds the patient's body except for the head, and alternates a negative atmospheric pressure with the ambient one, resulting in rhythmic expansion of the chest cage (and thus inhalation) in response to the negative extra thoracic pressure. During periods of ambient extrathoracic pressure, the lungs deflate. This type of machine is rarely used today.

    AMERICA'S FIRST ASPHALT PAVEMENT
    July 29, 1870

    Was laid in Newark, N.J. Previously, coal tar was used for many pavements laid in the 1860s. The first recorded asphalt pavement in the U.S. was a sand mix placed in front of the City Hall in Newark, N.J., in 1870. Edmund J. DeSmedt, a Belgian chemist (who became the inspector of asphalt and cements for the District of Columbia) held a U.S. patent for this asphalt paving method, granted on 31 May 1867. In that century most roads, even in cities, were wide dirt pathways, severely affected by weather. Smooth surfaced asphalt roads originally were for the benefit of bicyclists. By 1904, only 141 miles were surfaced, but commonplace by 1916. Natural asphalt deposits were originally used, but almost all of the asphalt used commercially is now made from petroleum.

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  • Rules for Happiness
    by Immanuel Kant

    "...Rules for Happiness: Something to do, Someone to love, Something to hope for...."
  • A Change is Gonna Come
    by Meredith Grey

    "...Change; we don't like it, we fear it, but we can't stop it from coming. We either adapt to change, or we get left behind. It hurts to grow, anybody who tells you it doesn't is lying. But here's the truth: Sometimes the more things change, the more they stay the same. And sometimes, oh, sometimes change is good. Sometimes change is everything...."

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    More vehicles are stolen on New Year's Day than any other holiday throughout the year. (So does that mean thieves are having their last fling before changing their ways or are they trying for a big score to start the New Year?) Cancer Facts & Figures
    about Besides Lung Cancer

    Besides lung cancer, tobacco use also increases the risk for cancers of the mouth, lips, nasal cavity (nose) and sinuses, larynx (voice box), pharynx (throat), esophagus (swallowing tube), stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, uterus, cervix, colon/rectum, ovary (mucinous), and acute myeloid leukemia.

All About Symbols :

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The article is dedicated to the descriptions of symbols and their role in our life. Much emphasis is paid to the significance of symbols used in works of art.

ARTICLE CONTENT :

Symbols are objects, pictures, written words, sounds or something like that and imply ideas, thoughts, notions, feelings and beliefs. A number of them are very common, like white rectangle on red background referring to "STOP" ,others have particular meaning and evoke deep emotions. For instance, such symbols are the Judaic Star of David or the crucifix in Christianity.

We are surrounded by symbols. Every day we are faced with something that has a symbolic sense. You may see symbols on money, in books, commercials, music compositions, politics etc. To understand the significance of a symbol a person has to know what this symbol refers to. For example, the Chinese symbol of yin and yang looks like an amusing image with white and black colors for people that don't know the underlying significance of the sign. They can enjoy its aesthetic side, but they do not see more than that. On the contrary, in case a person understands the origin of the symbol he sees not just a picture, but an idea of deep correlation of things in our lives.

During the history of humanity symbols were widely applied in art. So, one item on a painting tells a lot about the situation, the concepts of the painter, his views on life and aspirations. To understand the secret significance of a book or a music composition we need to be very attentive to details. Every now and then we need to read critics on a definite piece of art so as to get the idea of the author. This is because the symbols language isn't so simple. So what are the most popular symbols in art and what do they stand for?

Amidst the most common symbols applied in works of art are a book, a candle, a clock and mirrors. A book generally implies knowledge and learning. If you see a lightened candle on a painting it is in most cases a symbol of religion or time passing. On the other hand, a put-out candle implies death and mourning. A clock refers to the time passing. On this point the world-known painting of Salvador Dali called "Melting clocks" implies an idea that nothing in our lives is in keeping with some rules. And eventually, a mirror stands for attempts to get the truth, but in some cases it just implies the vanity.

In such a way, symbols are everywhere in our world. We just need to pay a little more attention to details to see them.

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