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    FLUORIDATION
    January 25, 1945 - Grand Rapids, Mich. U.S.A.

    Grand Rapids, Mich., became the first U.S. city to begin fluoridating the drinking water. With the intention of reducing tooth decay, one part per million of fluoride was added to the water supply. Fluorine is the 13th most abundant element on earth, found in nature in its ionic form - fluoride - in combination with other elements, such as calcium, magnesium, phosphates etc. This fluoride is present in small yet varying amounts in almost all soils, water supplies, plants, and animals and, therefore, is a normal constituent of all diets. In mammals, the highest concentrations are found in the bones and teeth. Decades after the conclusion of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study, fluoride continues to be dental science's main weapon in the battle against tooth decay.

    FRENCH SOLAR POWER PLANT
    January 25, 1977 - Odeillo in the Pyranees of southwestern France

    France inaugurated its first operational solar generating plant at Odeillo in the Pyranees of southwestern France. Its output of 64 kilowatts (sufficient to power about 1,000 60-watt light bulbs), was connected to the national electricity grid to demonstrate operational solar power. The plant was part of the huge solar furnace project run by the National Center for Scientific Research. The site was built for high-temperature research using an eight-story parabolic mirror to refocus sunlight from an extensive field of mirrors on a hillside in front of it, with 63 moveable mirror arrays designed to follow the motion of the sun. The electricity was generated by a turbo-alternator driven by steam from a boiler at the focus of the reflected sunlight. Alignment of the mirrors began in May 1969.

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How To Brew Your Own Beer :

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

There's some equipment you are going to need. You should be able to pick it all up for under $200, and it's not hard to find. Any local brewing supply store or online brewing site will have everything you need which includes:

Brewing Pot

Plastic hose

Fermenter

Bottling bucket

Airlock and stopper

Bottle brush

Bottle capper

Thermometer – the stick-on type is best

Small bowl

Saucepan

Spatula

Oven mitts

Wooden mixing spoons

The easiest way, especially for beginners, is to pick up a beer kit. It will contain all the needed ingredients, which include yeast and hopped malt concentrate. You also need to buy fermentables, which are what add the different flavors to your brew. Of course you can buy your ingredients separately, but the kit is a foolproof way to get everything you need.

You will need to sanitize all your equipment. In fact, it's the most important thing you will do. Clean everything with hot soapy water. Then you need to sanitize all your equipment by using either the iodine solution or chlorine solution that came with your brewing equipment.

Now that everything is sterilized, you are ready to start. Put two quarts of water in your brew pot; then heat to around 180F or until it steams; then remove it from the heat. Add your beer kit and fermentables. Follow the instructions provided with your kit.

Stir until everything is dissolved; then put the lid on and leave it sit for 20 minutes on low heat. Add your mix, which is called the wort, to the fermenter which should be filled with four gallons of water. Stir for 4 minutes. This oxygenizes the mixture. When the wort is cool to the touch you can add your yeast.

Now it's time to let your wort ferment. The process starts right away and continues for 5 days. During this period it's important to keep the temperature constant, around 65F, and to keep your wort in a dark place. You'll be able to tell when your wort is fermenting because you will see tiny little air bubbles rising to the top.

When 5 day arrives you need to start checking your beer each day. When there are no more air bubbles your beer is ready to bottle. Don't be impatient. If you don't wait for the fermenting to complete you'll wreck your beer's taste.

Before you bottle you have to prepare what's called the primary solution. This is what carbonates the beer. In your saucepan add 2 cups of water and


Source : PLR

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