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    FIRST U.S. PATENT
    July 31, 1790 - USA

    Patent was granted to Samuel Hopkins of Vermont for a process for making potash and pearl ashes. Potash was important as an ingredient in soap and fertilizer. The patent was granted for a term of 14 years and signed by President George Washington, who had the previous month signed the first U.S. patent statute into law on 10 April 1790. Hopkins did not get Patent with a serial No.1 as thousands of patents were issued before the Patent Office began to number them. Congress had passed the Patent Act on 10 Apr 1790. Two other patents were granted that year - one for a new candle-making process and the other the flour-milling machinery of Oliver Evans. The next year, 1791, Samuel Hopkins also was granted the first Canadian patent.

    IRON RAILWAY BRIDGE COLLAPSE
    July 31, 1849 - Pennsylvania, USA

    Near Mast Hope, Pennsylvania, collapsed as a stock train was crossing. The engineer heard a loud cracking, pulled the throttle wide open, and succeeded in getting the engine across in safety. However, the rest of the train fell into the deep ravine of the Westcolang Creek along with the wrecked bridge. A brakeman and two stockmen lost their lives. The New York and Erie Railroad had that year experimented by building three iron bridges, including the one that failed. In 1850, an article in the Scientific American magazine reported that the company, having lost confidence in iron bridges, would tear down the two remaining and replace them with wooden structures.

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    "...The Revolution was effected before the War commenced. The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people; a change in their religious sentiments of their duties and obligations. This radical change in the principles, opinions, sentiments, and affections of the people, was the real American Revolution...."

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How To Brew Your Own Beer :

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

There's some equipment you are going to need. You should be able to pick it all up for under $200, and it's not hard to find. Any local brewing supply store or online brewing site will have everything you need which includes:

Brewing Pot

Plastic hose

Fermenter

Bottling bucket

Airlock and stopper

Bottle brush

Bottle capper

Thermometer – the stick-on type is best

Small bowl

Saucepan

Spatula

Oven mitts

Wooden mixing spoons

The easiest way, especially for beginners, is to pick up a beer kit. It will contain all the needed ingredients, which include yeast and hopped malt concentrate. You also need to buy fermentables, which are what add the different flavors to your brew. Of course you can buy your ingredients separately, but the kit is a foolproof way to get everything you need.

You will need to sanitize all your equipment. In fact, it's the most important thing you will do. Clean everything with hot soapy water. Then you need to sanitize all your equipment by using either the iodine solution or chlorine solution that came with your brewing equipment.

Now that everything is sterilized, you are ready to start. Put two quarts of water in your brew pot; then heat to around 180F or until it steams; then remove it from the heat. Add your beer kit and fermentables. Follow the instructions provided with your kit.

Stir until everything is dissolved; then put the lid on and leave it sit for 20 minutes on low heat. Add your mix, which is called the wort, to the fermenter which should be filled with four gallons of water. Stir for 4 minutes. This oxygenizes the mixture. When the wort is cool to the touch you can add your yeast.

Now it's time to let your wort ferment. The process starts right away and continues for 5 days. During this period it's important to keep the temperature constant, around 65F, and to keep your wort in a dark place. You'll be able to tell when your wort is fermenting because you will see tiny little air bubbles rising to the top.

When 5 day arrives you need to start checking your beer each day. When there are no more air bubbles your beer is ready to bottle. Don't be impatient. If you don't wait for the fermenting to complete you'll wreck your beer's taste.

Before you bottle you have to prepare what's called the primary solution. This is what carbonates the beer. In your saucepan add 2 cups of water and


Source : PLR

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