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    THE REPARATION OF ROYALTIES TO NATIVE AMERICANS
    December 8, 2009 - United States

    The Obama administration has announced that it would pay Native Americans $3.4 billion to settle a class-action lawsuit that claims the federal government cheated them for more than a century of royalties for oil, mineral and other leases. This settlement will be ending a thirteen-year legal battle that has led to 3,600 filings, millions of pages of discovery documents and eleven separate appellate decisions. It is the largest settlement Native Americans have ever received from the federal government, and eclipses the sum of all previous settlements. The dispute stems from a 19th century decision to grant parcels of land to individual Indians and place the properties in trust accounts.

    GPS
    December 8, 1993 - U.S.A.

    The U.S. Secretary of Defense declared that the Global Positioning System, accurate within 100 meters, had 24 GPS satellites operating in their assigned orbits, available for navigation use at Standard Positioning Service (SPS) levels for civil users. This Initial Operational Capability was followed on 27 Apr 1995 with a formal declaration by the U.S. Air Force Space Command that the GPS satellite constellation had met the requirement for Full Operational Capability after successful testing for military functionality. This worldwide, satellite-based radionavigation system used as the DoD's primary radionavigation system provided authorized users encrypted Precise Positioning Service accurate to at least 22 meters.

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    by Earth Day, Gaylord Nelson

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How To Brew Your Own Beer :

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

There's some equipment you are going to need. You should be able to pick it all up for under $200, and it's not hard to find. Any local brewing supply store or online brewing site will have everything you need which includes:

Brewing Pot

Plastic hose

Fermenter

Bottling bucket

Airlock and stopper

Bottle brush

Bottle capper

Thermometer – the stick-on type is best

Small bowl

Saucepan

Spatula

Oven mitts

Wooden mixing spoons

The easiest way, especially for beginners, is to pick up a beer kit. It will contain all the needed ingredients, which include yeast and hopped malt concentrate. You also need to buy fermentables, which are what add the different flavors to your brew. Of course you can buy your ingredients separately, but the kit is a foolproof way to get everything you need.

You will need to sanitize all your equipment. In fact, it's the most important thing you will do. Clean everything with hot soapy water. Then you need to sanitize all your equipment by using either the iodine solution or chlorine solution that came with your brewing equipment.

Now that everything is sterilized, you are ready to start. Put two quarts of water in your brew pot; then heat to around 180F or until it steams; then remove it from the heat. Add your beer kit and fermentables. Follow the instructions provided with your kit.

Stir until everything is dissolved; then put the lid on and leave it sit for 20 minutes on low heat. Add your mix, which is called the wort, to the fermenter which should be filled with four gallons of water. Stir for 4 minutes. This oxygenizes the mixture. When the wort is cool to the touch you can add your yeast.

Now it's time to let your wort ferment. The process starts right away and continues for 5 days. During this period it's important to keep the temperature constant, around 65F, and to keep your wort in a dark place. You'll be able to tell when your wort is fermenting because you will see tiny little air bubbles rising to the top.

When 5 day arrives you need to start checking your beer each day. When there are no more air bubbles your beer is ready to bottle. Don't be impatient. If you don't wait for the fermenting to complete you'll wreck your beer's taste.

Before you bottle you have to prepare what's called the primary solution. This is what carbonates the beer. In your saucepan add 2 cups of water and


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