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    PITOT TUBE
    November 12, 1732 - Academy of Sciences, Paris

    Henri Pitot read a paper to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Paris about an instrument he had invented to measure the flow velocity at different depths of water in the River Seine. It had a scale and two open vertical glass tubes on a wood frame. The lower end of one pointed down, the other bent at 90 facing the flow. The belief of the time was that flow velocity at a given depth was proportional to the mass above it, meaning increasing velocity at greater depth. Recording the difference in liquid levels in the two tubes, he showed the opposite was true. Henri Darcy improved the design, with the support of Henri Bazin. Today, the Pitot tube has an important application in aerodynamics for the measurement of the airspeed of aircraft.

    POLYPROPYLENE
    November 12, 1999 - Bartlesville, Oklahoma, U.S.A.

    In Bartlesville, Oklahoma, a plaque was placed on the site of the laboratory where the polymer polypropylene was invented, designating it a National Historic Chemical Landmark by the American Chemical Society. The first commercially successful use of the new material was in the Hula Hoop®. In 1951, J. Paul Hogan and Robert L. Banks, research chemists working for Phillips Petroleum Company, discovered the polymer unexpectedly during experiments with catalysts while trying to convert the natural gas components ethylene and propylene into compounds useful for gasoline. Later, they also developed a new catalytic process for making high-density polyethylene. Phillips soon invested in new plastic manufacturing plants.

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How To Brew Your Own Beer :

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

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There's no bottle of brew that tastes quite as good as the one you've made yourself. It's also a fun hobby. So what are you waiting for? Here's how to brew your own beer.

There's some equipment you are going to need. You should be able to pick it all up for under $200, and it's not hard to find. Any local brewing supply store or online brewing site will have everything you need which includes:

Brewing Pot

Plastic hose

Fermenter

Bottling bucket

Airlock and stopper

Bottle brush

Bottle capper

Thermometer – the stick-on type is best

Small bowl

Saucepan

Spatula

Oven mitts

Wooden mixing spoons

The easiest way, especially for beginners, is to pick up a beer kit. It will contain all the needed ingredients, which include yeast and hopped malt concentrate. You also need to buy fermentables, which are what add the different flavors to your brew. Of course you can buy your ingredients separately, but the kit is a foolproof way to get everything you need.

You will need to sanitize all your equipment. In fact, it's the most important thing you will do. Clean everything with hot soapy water. Then you need to sanitize all your equipment by using either the iodine solution or chlorine solution that came with your brewing equipment.

Now that everything is sterilized, you are ready to start. Put two quarts of water in your brew pot; then heat to around 180F or until it steams; then remove it from the heat. Add your beer kit and fermentables. Follow the instructions provided with your kit.

Stir until everything is dissolved; then put the lid on and leave it sit for 20 minutes on low heat. Add your mix, which is called the wort, to the fermenter which should be filled with four gallons of water. Stir for 4 minutes. This oxygenizes the mixture. When the wort is cool to the touch you can add your yeast.

Now it's time to let your wort ferment. The process starts right away and continues for 5 days. During this period it's important to keep the temperature constant, around 65F, and to keep your wort in a dark place. You'll be able to tell when your wort is fermenting because you will see tiny little air bubbles rising to the top.

When 5 day arrives you need to start checking your beer each day. When there are no more air bubbles your beer is ready to bottle. Don't be impatient. If you don't wait for the fermenting to complete you'll wreck your beer's taste.

Before you bottle you have to prepare what's called the primary solution. This is what carbonates the beer. In your saucepan add 2 cups of water and


Source : PLR

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