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TODAY IN HISTORY

    FORTRAN
    September 20, 1954

    The first successful test compilation and execution of a computer program using what became FORTRAN was run by Harlan Herrick at IBM. It took until 1957 to develop into a fully-operational, commercial product. As implied by its name (FORMula TRANslator), Fortran was designed as a high-level language for technical and scientific applications which primarily needed calculation, rather than working with characters. John Backus at IBM supervised the development of the programming language that would allow users to express their problems in commonly understood mathematical formulae. By 1958 the language was expanded to Fortran II, which included subroutines, functions and common blocks, and in 1962 IBM introduced the extended Fortran IV.

    DNA
    September 20, 1952 - U.S.A.

    Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase published a report confirming DNA holds hereditary data. Their experiment used the T2 bacteriophage, which, like other viruses, is just a crystal of DNA and protein. It can reproduce when inside a bacterium such as E. coli. When the new T2 viruses are ready to leave the host E. coli cell (and go infect others), they burst the E. coli cell open, killing it (hence the name "bacteriophage"). Hershey and Chase were seeking an answer to the question, "Is it the viral DNA or viral protein coat (capsid) that is the viral genetic code material which gets injected into the E. coli?" Their results indicated that the viral DNA, not the protein, is its genetic code material.

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  • Until a man duplicates a blade of grass
    by Earth Day, Thomas Alva Edison Inventor

    "...Until a man duplicates a blade of grass, Nature can laugh at his so-called scientific knowledge. Remedies from chemicals will never stand in favorable comparison with the products of Nature, the living cell of a plant, the final result of the rays of the sun, the mother of all life...."
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    by Meredith Grey

    "...Change; we don't like it, we fear it, but we can't stop it from coming. We either adapt to change, or we get left behind. It hurts to grow, anybody who tells you it doesn't is lying. But here's the truth: Sometimes the more things change, the more they stay the same. And sometimes, oh, sometimes change is good. Sometimes change is everything...."

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    Steve Jobs' annual salary was $1, just enough to keep company health benefits. Drug Abuse
    about Facts about Drugs

    Facts about drugs can protect against drug abuse. Legal drugs, such as alcohol and tobacco, kill more people than illegal drugs. Tobacco (smoking cigarettes) kills more people than any other drug. Illegal drugs including heroin, cannabis, ecstasy and amphetamines can have unknown or dangerous ingredients. Mixing drugs, especially with alcohol, can be fatal.

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ARTICLE INFORMATION :

The article concentrates upon digital music downloads, in particular online music download options, including the cost, the listening rights, audio format and quality of downloads.

ARTICLE CONTENT :

There are a great many online services that offer online music. Some sites charge per online music download, whereas other services offer to pay a monthly fee for a limitless number of music downloads. It has been estimated that compact disc sales are in decline (19% in the last few years), and online music download sales are speedily increasing. Revenues from digital music sales are reported to have virtually tripled last year, with Apple's iTunes accounting for more than 85 percent of single song downloads. Nevertheless, the figures do not make Apple the sole source of digital music. Today, legal music download sites account for approximately 6% of record studios' revenues, which is a growth compared to the situation observed a couple of years ago.

Music download sites come in two types: 'rent' and 'buy' websites. 'Rent' sites are music sites involving a monthly fee paid to gain access to the whole music catalogue. 'Buy' services charge per download - iTunes, for example - where a soundtrack can be burned onto a CD once it is paid for. The CD can then be ripped to the pc. Some digital music services offer to pay a monthly fee for limitless listening rights, but also charge to purchase a song. Some digital music download sites charge 9 cents per track. In addition, these sites have tracks that can be downloaded in any format and quality level.

Sometimes music download websites are so cheap and user-friendly that a great many Internet users decide to download songs from these websites instead of ripping CD collections onto the personal computer. For any person downloading songs onto an iPod or iTunes, it is probably the optimum option. For any music not being downloaded onto an iPod, any other music source will work. When seeking the optimum quality music downloads, one should look for music download websites offering the largest choice of music that is updated on a regular basis, and excellent quality downloads. Commonly, the price is directly dependent on quality. In this case, a question arises: Is it worth spending extra money? The answer is typically 'Yes'.

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