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    TELEPHONE SWITCHBOARD
    January 17, 1882 - Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

    A telephone switchboard was issued a U.S. patent to Leroy Firman of Chicago, Illinois (No. 252,576), which was assigned to the Western Electric Manufacturing Co. Also of Chicago. With his invention of a “multiple switchboard for telephone exchanges,” Firman addressed the problem of increasing numbers of subscribers. Previously, single switchboards, each with an attendant, served their group of individual lines. A large exchange was thus divided up into a number of internal exchange switchboards which were worked together as necessary, with trunk lines between the boards. Firman devised an arrangement to handle an exchange of a thousand or more subscribers with line status information exchanged between switchmen.

    PUNCHBOARDS
    January 17, 1905 - Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

    The first U.S. patent was issued for a punchboard to Charles A. Brewer and Clinton G. Scannell of Chicago, Illinois, described as “vending devices.” They were manufactured by Charles A. Brewer & Sons in the same city. (No. 780,086). Even though the equivalent of punchboards had been around for many years, they had never been available in such a neat and portable form. The invention of board stuffing machines and ticket folding and plaiting machines in the late 1910s was probably the key factor which allowed the punchboard industry to flourish. Once the boards became cheap to manufacture, they flooded the country. Noted gambling author John Scarne estimates that 30 million punchboards were sold in 1910-15.

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ARTICLE INFORMATION :

The article concentrates upon digital music downloads, in particular online music download options, including the cost, the listening rights, audio format and quality of downloads.

ARTICLE CONTENT :

There are a great many online services that offer online music. Some sites charge per online music download, whereas other services offer to pay a monthly fee for a limitless number of music downloads. It has been estimated that compact disc sales are in decline (19% in the last few years), and online music download sales are speedily increasing. Revenues from digital music sales are reported to have virtually tripled last year, with Apple's iTunes accounting for more than 85 percent of single song downloads. Nevertheless, the figures do not make Apple the sole source of digital music. Today, legal music download sites account for approximately 6% of record studios' revenues, which is a growth compared to the situation observed a couple of years ago.

Music download sites come in two types: 'rent' and 'buy' websites. 'Rent' sites are music sites involving a monthly fee paid to gain access to the whole music catalogue. 'Buy' services charge per download - iTunes, for example - where a soundtrack can be burned onto a CD once it is paid for. The CD can then be ripped to the pc. Some digital music services offer to pay a monthly fee for limitless listening rights, but also charge to purchase a song. Some digital music download sites charge 9 cents per track. In addition, these sites have tracks that can be downloaded in any format and quality level.

Sometimes music download websites are so cheap and user-friendly that a great many Internet users decide to download songs from these websites instead of ripping CD collections onto the personal computer. For any person downloading songs onto an iPod or iTunes, it is probably the optimum option. For any music not being downloaded onto an iPod, any other music source will work. When seeking the optimum quality music downloads, one should look for music download websites offering the largest choice of music that is updated on a regular basis, and excellent quality downloads. Commonly, the price is directly dependent on quality. In this case, a question arises: Is it worth spending extra money? The answer is typically 'Yes'.

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