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TODAY IN HISTORY

    THE FIRST IRON LUNG
    July 29, 1927 - United States

    (Electric Respirator) was installed at Bellevue hospital in New York for the post war polio epidemic. The first iron lung was developed at Harvard University by Phillip Drinker and Louis Agassiz Shaw built with two vacuum cleaners. The iron lung is a negative pressure machine which surrounds the patient's body except for the head, and alternates a negative atmospheric pressure with the ambient one, resulting in rhythmic expansion of the chest cage (and thus inhalation) in response to the negative extra thoracic pressure. During periods of ambient extrathoracic pressure, the lungs deflate. This type of machine is rarely used today.

    AMERICA'S FIRST ASPHALT PAVEMENT
    July 29, 1870

    Was laid in Newark, N.J. Previously, coal tar was used for many pavements laid in the 1860s. The first recorded asphalt pavement in the U.S. was a sand mix placed in front of the City Hall in Newark, N.J., in 1870. Edmund J. DeSmedt, a Belgian chemist (who became the inspector of asphalt and cements for the District of Columbia) held a U.S. patent for this asphalt paving method, granted on 31 May 1867. In that century most roads, even in cities, were wide dirt pathways, severely affected by weather. Smooth surfaced asphalt roads originally were for the benefit of bicyclists. By 1904, only 141 miles were surfaced, but commonplace by 1916. Natural asphalt deposits were originally used, but almost all of the asphalt used commercially is now made from petroleum.

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    More vehicles are stolen on New Year's Day than any other holiday throughout the year. (So does that mean thieves are having their last fling before changing their ways or are they trying for a big score to start the New Year?)

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The article concentrates upon digital music downloads, in particular online music download options, including the cost, the listening rights, audio format and quality of downloads.

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There are a great many online services that offer online music. Some sites charge per online music download, whereas other services offer to pay a monthly fee for a limitless number of music downloads. It has been estimated that compact disc sales are in decline (19% in the last few years), and online music download sales are speedily increasing. Revenues from digital music sales are reported to have virtually tripled last year, with Apple's iTunes accounting for more than 85 percent of single song downloads. Nevertheless, the figures do not make Apple the sole source of digital music. Today, legal music download sites account for approximately 6% of record studios' revenues, which is a growth compared to the situation observed a couple of years ago.

Music download sites come in two types: 'rent' and 'buy' websites. 'Rent' sites are music sites involving a monthly fee paid to gain access to the whole music catalogue. 'Buy' services charge per download - iTunes, for example - where a soundtrack can be burned onto a CD once it is paid for. The CD can then be ripped to the pc. Some digital music services offer to pay a monthly fee for limitless listening rights, but also charge to purchase a song. Some digital music download sites charge 9 cents per track. In addition, these sites have tracks that can be downloaded in any format and quality level.

Sometimes music download websites are so cheap and user-friendly that a great many Internet users decide to download songs from these websites instead of ripping CD collections onto the personal computer. For any person downloading songs onto an iPod or iTunes, it is probably the optimum option. For any music not being downloaded onto an iPod, any other music source will work. When seeking the optimum quality music downloads, one should look for music download websites offering the largest choice of music that is updated on a regular basis, and excellent quality downloads. Commonly, the price is directly dependent on quality. In this case, a question arises: Is it worth spending extra money? The answer is typically 'Yes'.

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