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    ALKALINE DRY-CELL PATENT
    November 15, 1960 - U.S.A.

    A U.S. patent was issued for an alkaline dry-cell to P.A. Marsal, Karl Kordesch and Lewis F. Urry who assigned it to the Union Carbide Corporation, the manufacturer of Eveready batteries (No. 2,960,558). Compared to the existing carbon-zinc dry-cells, it offered an appreciable increase in life-span and efficiency during heavy continuous drains. Its construction used an alkaline electrolyte, manganese dioxide as depolarizer, a zinc powder-gel anode, and certain additives such including mercury and electrolyte-creep inhibitors. The patent gave practical details for commercial production. The patent claimed that whereas four cells in series of the carbon-zinc type gave 4.5 volts to power a 1.25-amp bulb for 45-min to 1-hr, the new alkaline design gave good brilliance after 6 to 7 hours.

    DRY-CELL PATENT
    November 15, 1887 - U.S.A.

    German scientist, Dr. Carl Gassner, was issued a U.S. patent (No. 373,064), the first in the U.S. for a "dry" cell. Gassner had already patented his invention in Germany (No. 37,758) on 8 Apr 1886, and also in Austria, Belgium, England, France and Hungary in the same year. The sealed zinc shell which contained all the chemicals was also the negative electrode. Later, he improved the shelf life of the battery by adding zinc chloride to the electrolyte to reduce corrosion of the zinc shell. Gassner's battery was much like the carbon-zinc, general-purpose batteries sold today. By 1896, the National Carbide Company (later Union Carbide and Eveready) produced the first consumer dry cell battery. Two years later, the company made the first D cell.

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Avatar film - Cameron's science fiction :

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ARTICLE INFORMATION :

The article features and reviews James Cameron's science fiction epic movie "Avatar" released in 2009 and nominated nine times for the Oscar 2010 and concentrates upon the main plot theme.

ARTICLE CONTENT :

AVATAR is spoken about everywhere. It is in nine nominations for the Oscar 2010 and is likely to receive a few awards. Avatar is a 2009 US science fiction film written and directed by renowned film director James Cameron. Sam Worthington, Zoe Saldana, Michelle Rodriguez and Stephen Lang played the starring roles. The term "avatar" comes from Indian mythology. It means "god's visit to Earth to fix smth that is broken". Vishnu, one of the 3 gods who shield creation, visits Earth frequently. As Hindu mythology state, Vishnu is dark-blue in color. James Cameron has also decided to paint the aliens blue. The action of the film takes place in 2154. It emphasizes the ever-lasting human vices, such as greed, immaturity and ferocity that results from ignorance.

The plot revolves around a soldier - Jack - who goes to Pandora the moon situated in the Alpha Centauri star system to help The Corporation aiming to mine and export a precious mineral called unobtainium. The Na'vi are the alien sentient humonoid species that live and thrive on the moon. They are a part of a vast symbiotic living system that includes both animals and plants which are all connected by an intricate biological communication network. The Corporation plans to mine the moon and the Na'vi fight for their homeland. The rapid expansion and growth of the mining colony menaces the existence of the local tribe.

While on a mission, Jake is taken in by the Na'vi and explores their labguage, culture and habitat. Natirii, the female Na'vi he meets, helps him through this journey. Avatars are biological creatures made from alien and human DNA. They are controlled by a human from whose DNA they were made. The soldier takes control of an avatar made from his brother's DNA. AVATAR is an idealistic movie showing an ideal world. The end of the movie is particularly poignant. The visual effects are fantastic. The alien world Cameron and his team display to viewers is one of the most carefully thought-out and consistent. The film is really worth viewing.

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